The invention discloses a two-component polyurethane adhesive and a use method thereof, and relates to the technical field of adhesives. Comprising a component A and a component B which are separately arranged, wherein the component A comprises a hydroxyl-containing compound, a chain extender, a catalyst, an anti-aging agent, an anti-hydrolysis agent, a filler, a moisture scavenger and a thixotropic agent; the component B comprises an isocyanate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer, isocyanate, a water removal agent, a silane coupling agent, a plasticizer, a filler and a thixotropic agent; the hydroxyl-containing compound comprises hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene and a first hydroxyl-containing compound. The composite material has the advantages of long opening time, fast curing at high temperature, high body strength, high shear strength and high elongation at break, and realizes consideration and balance of high strength and high toughness. Meanwhile, the bi-component polyurethane adhesive disclosed by the invention does not contain a solvent, so that the solvent residue is reduced.