The utility model belongs to the field of high-temperature monitoring, and particularly relates to a real-time temperature measuring system of a thermal imaging rotary kiln. A real-time temperature measuring system of a thermal imaging rotary kiln comprises an upper computer and further comprises a temperature measuring device which comprises a supporting frame and a plurality of temperature measuring sensor sets. The temperature measuring sensor group comprises a plurality of temperature measuring sensors; the temperature measuring sensor is in communication connection with the upper computer; the supporting frame covers the rotary kiln and is fixedly connected with the ground; and the temperature measuring sensor groups are arranged on the support frame along the axial direction of the rotary kiln and are fixedly connected with the support frame. The wall temperature of the cylinder is measured through full coverage, the wall temperature distribution condition of the whole rotary kiln is monitored in real time, and the whole thermal imaging image of the kiln cylinder is displayed in real time. The wall temperature of the rotary kiln is continuously monitored, any abnormal internal coking and refractory material falling thinning phenomenon is detected in advance, the internal coking or falling trend of the rotary kiln is analyzed and positioned, and the coking or falling position is accurately positioned for guiding combustion adjustment and furnace shutdown overhauling.