The invention discloses an intelligent combustion optimization control system based on in-furnace workpiece surface temperature. The system comprises an in-furnace workpiece real-time temperature measuring module, a hearth gas component concentration measurement module, a furnace temperature fuzzy expert calculation model and air-fuel ratio self-optimization module, and an air flow, gas flow and valve control module. The in-furnace workpiece real-time temperature measurement module adopts an infrared temperature measurement technology for detecting the real-time temperature of the in-furnace workpiece. According to the intelligent combustion optimization control system based on the in-furnace workpiece surface temperature, the surface temperature distribution of the workpiece is obtained through online detection, the fuzzy control or neural network intelligent control technology is combined, an online control model is established, and optimization control over the furnace temperature distribution of the heating furnace is achieved. The combustion condition in the hearth can be comprehensively and timely known, and the surface temperature distribution of any point of the furnace tube can be accurately mastered in real time.